Gaius Shaver

Emeritus Senior Scientist

Contact Information
Education
B.S. with honors, Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 1972
M.A., Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 1972 (B.S. and M.A. awarded coterminally)
Ph.D., Botany, Duke University, 1976
MBL Affiliation
Ecosystems Center
Research Area
Ecology
Ecosystems
Global Change

         

News and Research Highlights
Selected Publications

1. Billings, W. D., G. R. Shaver and A. W. Trent. 1973. Temperature effects on growth and respiration of roots and rhizomes in tundra graminoids, pp. 57-63. In: L. C. Bliss and F. E. Wielgolaski (eds.), Primary Production and Production Processes, Tundra Biome. Proceedings of the Conference, Dublin, Ireland, April 1973. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton.

2. Shaver, G. R. and W. D. Billings. 1975. Root production and root turnover in a wet tundra ecosystem, Barrow, Alaska. Ecology 56(2):401-410.

3. Shaver, G. R. and W. D. Billings. 1976. Carbohydrate accumulation in tundra graminoid plants as a function of season and tissue age. Flora 165:247-267.

4. Billings, W. D., G. R. Shaver and A. W. Trent. 1976. Measurements of root growth in simulated and natural temperature gradients over permafrost. Arctic and Alpine Research 8:247-250.

5. Billings, W. D., K. M. Peterson, G. R. Shaver and A. W. Trent. 1977. Effect of temperature on root growth and respiration in a tundra ecosystem, Barrow, Alaska, pp. 111-116. In: J. K. Marshall (ed.), The Belowground Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Plant-Associated Processes. Range Science Dept. Science Series #26, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 351 pp.

6. Shaver, G. R., and W. D. Billings. 1977. Effects of daylength and temperature on root elongation in tundra graminoids. Oecologia 28:57-65.

7. Billings, W. D., K. M. Peterson, G. R. Shaver and A. W. Trent. 1977. Root growth, respiration, and carbon dioxide evolution in an arctic tundra soil. Arctic and Alpine Research 9:129-137.

8. Billings, W. D., K. M. Peterson and G. R. Shaver. 1978. Growth, turnover, and respiration rates of roots and tillers in tundra graminoids. Chapter 18. In: L. L. Tieszen (ed.), Vegetation and Production Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra. Ecological Studies Series, Vol. 29. Springer-Verlag, New York. 686 pp.

9. Miller, P. C., W. A. Stoner, L. L. Tieszen, M. L. Allesio, B. H. McCown, F. S. Chapin, III and G. R. Shaver. 1978. A model of carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus allocation and growth in tundra production. Chapter 25. In: L. L. Tieszen (ed.), Vegetation and Production Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra. Ecological Studies Series, Vol. 29. Springer-Verlag, New York. 686 pp.

10. Shaver, G. R. 1978. Leaf angle and light absorptance of Arctostaphylos species along environmental gradients. Madroño 25:133-138.

11. Shaver, G. R. and J. C. Cutler. 1979. The vertical distribution of phytomass in cottongrass tussock tundra. Arctic and Alpine Research 11(3):335-342.

12. Shaver, G. R., F. S. Chapin, III and W. D. Billings. 1979. Ecotypic differentiation in Carex aquatilus as related to icewedge polygonization in the Alaskan coastal tundra. Journal of Ecology 67:1025-1046.

13. Shaver, G. R. and F. S. Chapin, III. 1980. Response to fertilization by various plant growth forms in an Alaskan tundra: nutrient accumulation and growth. Ecology 61(3):662-675.

14. Shaver, G. R. 1981. Mineral nutrition and leaf longevity in an evergreen shrub, Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens. Oecologia 49:362-365.

15. Shaver, G. R. 1981. Nutrient and nonstructural carbon utilization. Chapter 9. In: P. C. Miller (ed.), Resource Utilization in Two Mediterranean-type Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag Ecological Studies Series, Volume 39. Springer-Verlag, New York.

16. Chapin, F. S., III and G. R. Shaver. 1981. Changes in soil properties and vegetation following disturbance of Alaskan arctic tundra. Journal of Applied Ecology 18:605-617.

17. Moore, B., R. D. Boone, J. E. Hobbie, R. A. Houghton, J. M. Melillo, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, C. J. Vorosmarty and G. M. Woodwell. 1981. A simple model for analysis of the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon budget, pp. 365-385. In: B. Bolin (ed.), Modelling the Global Carbon Cycle, SCOPE 16. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

18. Chester, A. L. and G. R. Shaver. 1982. Reproductive effort in cottongrass- tussock tundra. Holarctic Ecology 5:200-206.

19. Chester, A. L. and G. R. Shaver. 1982. Seedling dynamics of some cottongrass tussock tundra species during the natural revegetation of small disturbed areas. Holarctic Ecology 5:207-211.

20. Fetcher, N. and G. R. Shaver. 1982. Growth and tillering patterns within tussocks of Eriophorum vaginatum. Holarctic Ecology 5:180-186.

21. McGraw, J. B. and G. R. Shaver. 1982. Seedling density and seedling survival in Alaskan cottongrass-tussock tundra. Holarctic Ecology 5:212-217.

22. Lechowicz, M. J. and G. R. Shaver. 1982. A multivariate approach to the analysis of factorial fertilization experiments in Alaskan Arctic tundra. Ecology 63:1029-1038.

23. Shaver, G. R. 1982. Mineral nutrient and nonstructural carbon pools in shrubs from two Mediterranean-type ecosystems, pp. 286-299. Chapter 16. In: F. J. Kruger, D. T. Mitchell and J. U. M. Jarvis (eds.), Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: The Role of Nutrients. Springer-Verlag Ecological Studies Series, Volume 43. Springer-Verlag, New York. 552 pp.

24. Shaver, G. R. 1983. Mineral nutrition and leaf longevity in Ledum palustre: The role of individual nutrients and the timing of leaf mortality. Oecologia 56:160-165.

25. Fetcher, N. and G. R. Shaver. 1983. Life histories of tillers of Eriophorum vaginatum in relation to tundra disturbance. Journal of Ecology 71:131-148.

26. Houghton, R. A., J. E. Hobbie, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver and G. M. Woodwell. 1983. Changes in the carbon content of biota and soils between 1860 and 1980: Effects on atmospheric CO2. Ecological Monographs 53:235-262.

27. Shaver, G. R., B. L. Gartner, F. S. Chapin, III and A. E. Linkins. 1983. Revegetation of Arctic disturbed sites by native tundra plants, pp. 1133-1138. In: Proceedings 4th International Conference on Permafrost. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1524 pp.

28. Woodwell, G. M., J. E. Hobbie, R. A. Houghton, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore, B. J. Peterson and G. R. Shaver. 1983. The contribution of global deforestation to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science 222:1081-1086.

29. Gartner, B. L., F. S. Chapin, III and G. R. Shaver. 1983. Demographic patterns of seedling establishment and growth of native graminoids in an Alaskan tundra disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology 20:965-980.

30. Woodwell, G. M., J. E. Hobbie, R. A. Houghton, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore, A. Park, B. J. Peterson and G. R. Shaver. 1984. Measurement of changes in vegetation of the earth by satellite imagery, pp. 221-240. In: G. M. Woodwell (ed.), The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle: Measurement by Remote Sensing. SCOPE 23. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 247 pp.

31. Shaver, G. R. and J. M. Melillo. 1984. Nutrient budgets of marsh plants: Efficiency concepts and relation to availability. Ecology 65:1491-1510.

32. Shaver, G. R. and F. S. Chapin, III. 1984. Limiting factors for plant growth in northern ecosystems, pp. 49-60. In: T. R. Moore (ed.), Future Directions for Research in Nouveau-Quebec. McGill Subarctic Research Paper No. 39, McGill University, Montreal.

33. Chapin, F. S. III and G. R. Shaver. 1985. Arctic. pp. 16-40. In: B. Chabot and H. A. Mooney (eds.), Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities. Chapman and Hall, London. 351 pp.

34. Chapin, F. S., III and G. R. Shaver. 1985. Individualistic growth response of tundra plant species to manipulation of light, temperature, and nutrients in a field experiment. Ecology 66:564-576.

35. Mark, A. F., N. Fetcher, G. R. Shaver and F. S. Chapin, III. 1985. Estimated ages of mature tussocks of cotton sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum, along a latitudinal gradient in central Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 17:1-5.

36. Shaver, G. R. and M. J. Lechowicz. 1985. A multivariate approach to plant mineral nutrition: Dose-response relationships and nutrient dominance in factorial experiments. Canadian Journal of Botany 63:2138-2143.

37. Gartner, B. L., F. S. Chapin, III and G. R. Shaver. 1986. Reproduction by seed in Eriophorum vaginatum in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology 74:1-19.

38. Chapin, F. S. III, G. R. Shaver and R. A. Kedrowski. 1986. Environmental controls over carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus chemical fractions in Eriophorum vaginatum L. in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology 74:167-196.

39. Shaver, G. R., F. S. Chapin III and B. L. Gartner. 1986. Factors limiting growth and biomass accumulation in Eriophorum vaginatum L. in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology 74:257-278.

40. Shaver, G. R. 1986. Woody stem production in Alaskan tundra shrubs. Ecology 67:660-669.

41. Shaver, G. R., and F. S. Chapin, III. 1986. Effect of fertilizer on production and biomass of tussock tundra, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 18:261-268.

42. Shaver, G. R., N. Fetcher and F. S. Chapin, III. 1986. Growth and flowering in Eriophorum vaginatum: Annual and latitudinal variation. Ecology 67:1524-1525.

43. Houghton, R. A., R. D. Boone, J. R. Fruci, J. E. Hobbie, J. M. Melillo, C. A. Palm, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, G. M. Woodwell, B. Moore, D. L. Skole and N. Myers. 1987. The flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere in 1980 due to changes in land use: geographic distribution of the global flux. Tellus 39B:122-139.

44. Chapin, F. S., III and G. R. Shaver. 1988. Differences in carbon and nutrient fractions among arctic growth forms. Oecologia 77:506-514.

45. Chapin, F. S., III and G. R. Shaver. 1989. Differences in growth and nutrient use among arctic plant growth forms. Functional Ecology 3:73-80.

46. Chapin, F. S., III and G. R. Shaver. 1989. Lack of latitudinal variations in graminoid storage reserves. Ecology 70:269-272.

47. Chapin, F. S., III., J. B. McGraw and G. R. Shaver. 1989. Competition causes regular spacing of alder in Alaskan shrub tundra. Oecologia 79:412-416.

48. Shaver, G. R., K. J. Nadelhoffer and A. E. Giblin. 1990. Climatic change, nutrient cycling, and primary production in the Arctic landscape. pp. 134-135 In: Arctic Research: Advances and Prospects (Part 2). Proceedings of the Conference of Arctic and Nordic Countries on Coordination of Research in the Arctic, Leningrad, USSR. Nauka, Moscow. 446 pages.

49. Fetcher, N. and G. R. Shaver. 1990. Environmental sensitivity of ecotypes as a potential influence on primary productivity. American Naturalist 136:126-131.

50. Shaver, G. R., K. J. Nadelhoffer and A. E. Giblin. 1991. Biogeochemical diversity and element transport in a heterogeneous landscape, the North Slope of Alaska. pp. 105-126 In: M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner (eds.), Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York.

51. Nadelhoffer, K. J., A. E. Giblin, G. R. Shaver and J. A. Laundre. 1991. Effects of temperature and organic matter quality on C, N, and P mineralization in soils from six arctic ecosystems. Ecology 72:242-253

52. Shaver, G. R. and F. S. Chapin, III. 1991. Production/biomass relationships and element cycling in contrasting arctic vegetation types. Ecological Monographs 61:1-31.

53. Rastetter, E. B., M. G. Ryan, G. R. Shaver, J. M. Melillo, K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. E. Hobbie and J. D. Aber. 1991. A general biogeochemical model describing the responses of the C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to changes in CO2 , climate, and N deposition. Tree Physiology 9:101-126.

54. Giblin, A. E., K. J. Nadelhoffer, G. R. Shaver, J. A. Laundre and A. J. McKerrow. 1991. Biogeochemical diversity along a riverside toposequence in arctic Alaska. Ecological Monographs 61:415-436.

55. Chapin, F.S., III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver and J. Svoboda (eds.). 1992. Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective. 469 pp. Academic Press, New York.

56. Nadelhoffer, K. J., A. E. Linkins, A. E. Giblin and G. R. Shaver. 1992. Microbial processes and plant nutrient availability in arctic soils. pp. 281-300 In: F. S. Chapin, III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver, and J. Svoboda (eds.), Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective. Academic Press, New York.

57. Shaver, G. R. and J. Kummerow. 1992. Phenology, resource allocation, and growth of arctic vascular plants. pp. 193-212 In: F. S. Chapin, III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver, and J. Svoboda (eds.), Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective. Academic Press, New York.

58. Chapin, F. S., III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver and J. Svoboda. 1992. Arctic plant physiological Ecology: A challenge for the future. pp. 441-452 In: F. S. Chapin, III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver, and J. Svoboda (eds.), Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective. Academic Press, New York.

59. Chapin, F.S., III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver and J. Svoboda. 1992. Arctic physiological ecology in an ecosystem context. pp. 3-10 In: F. S. Chapin, III, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver, and J. Svoboda (eds.), Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective. Academic Press, New York.

60. Shaver, G. R., W. D. Billings, F. S. Chapin, III, A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer, W. C. Oechel and E. B. Rastetter. 1992. Global change and the carbon balance of arctic ecosystems. BioScience 42:433-441.

61. Rastetter, E. B., R. B. McKane, G. R. Shaver and J. M. Melillo. 1992. Changes in C storage by terrestrial ecosystems: How C-N interactions restrict responses to CO2 and temperature. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 64:327-344.

62. Rastetter, E. B. and G. R. Shaver. 1992. A model of multiple element limitation for acclimating vegetation. Ecology 73:1157-1174.

63. Giblin, A. E., J. A. Laundre, K. J. Nadelhoffer and G. R. Shaver. 1994. Measuring nutrient availability in arctic soils using ion exchange resins. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 58:1154-1162.

64. Rastetter, E. B. and G. R. Shaver. 1994. Functional redundancy and process aggregation: Linking ecosystems to species. pp. 215-223 In: C.G. Jones and J.H. Lawton, eds. Linking Species and Ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.

65. Jefferies, R.L., D.R. Klein, and G.R. Shaver. 1994. Herbivores and northern plant communities: Reciprocal influences and responses. Oikos 71:193-206.

66. Hobbie, J. E., L. A. Deegan, B. J. Peterson, E. B. Rastetter, G. R. Shaver, G. W. Kling, W. J. O'Brien, F. S. Chapin, M. C. Miller, G. W. Kipphut, W. B. Bowden, A. E. Hershey and M. E. McDonald. 1994. Long-term measurements at the arctic LTER site. pp. 391-409 In: T. M. Powell and J. H. Steele, eds. Ecological Time Series. Chapman and Hall, New York. 491 pp.

67. Shaver, G. R. 1995. Plant functional diversity and resource control of primary production in Alaskan arctic tundras. pp. 199-212 In: C. Körner and F.S. Chapin, III, eds. Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes, and Ecosystem Consequences. Springer-Verlag Ecological Studies Series, vol. 113. Springer-Verlag, New York. 332 pp.

68. Chapin, F. S., III, G. R. Shaver, A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. A. Laundre. 1995. Responses of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology 76:694-711.

69. McKane, R. B., E. B. Rastetter, J.M. Melillo, G. R. Shaver, C.S. Hopkinson, D.N. Fernandes, D.L. Skole, and W.H. Chomentowski. 1995. Effects of global change on carbon storage in tropical forests of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9:329-350.

70. Shaver, G.R., and F.S. Chapin, III. 1995. Long-term responses to factorial NPK fertilizer treatment by Alaskan wet and moist tundra sedge species. Ecography 18: 259-275.

71. Shaver, G. R. 1996. Integrated ecosystem research in northern Alaska, 1947-1994. In: J. Reynolds and J. Tenhunen, eds. Landscape Function and Disturbance in Arctic Tundra. Springer-Verlag Ecological Studies Series, Volume 120. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. pp.19-34.

72. Shaver, G. R., A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer and E. B. Rastetter. 1996. Plant functional types and ecosystem change in arctic tundras. pp. 152-172 In: T. Smith, H. Shugart, and I. Woodward, eds. Plant Functional Types. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

73. Chapin, F.S., III, and G.R. Shaver. 1996. Physiological and growth responses of arctic plants to a field experiment simulating climatic change. Ecology 77:822-840.

74. Williams, M., E.B. Rastetter, D.N. Fernandez, M.L. Goulden, S.C. Wofsy, G.R. Shaver, J.M. Melillo, J.W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, and K.J. Nadelhoffer. 1996. Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus-Acer stand at Harvard Forest: The regulation of stomatal conductance by light, nitrogen, and soil/plant hydraulic properties. Plant, Cell, and Environment 19: 911-927.

75. Nadelhoffer, K.J., G. Shaver, B. Fry, L. Johnson, and R. McKane. 1996. 15N natural abundances and N use by tundra plants. Oecologia 107:386-394.

76. Shaver, G.R., J.A. Laundre, A.E. Giblin, and K.J. Nadelhoffer. 1996. Changes in vegetation biomass, primary production, and species composition along a riverside toposequence in arctic Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 28:363-379.

77. Chapin, F.S., III., S.A. Zimov, G.R. Shaver, and S.E. Hobbie. 1996. CO2 fluctuation at high latitudes. Nature 383: 585-586.

78. Shaver, G. R. and J. D. Aber. 1996. Carbon and nutrient allocation in terrestrial ecosystems. pp. 183-198 In: J. Melillo and A. Breymeyer, eds. Global Change: Effects on coniferous forests and grasslands. SCOPE synthesis series, John Wiley Publishers. 459 pp.

79. Johnson, L.C., G.R. Shaver, A.E. Giblin, K.J. Nadelhoffer, E.R. Rastetter, J.A. Laundre, and G.L. Murray. 1996. Effects of drainage and temperature on carbon balance of tussock tundra microcosms. Oecologia 108:737-748.

80. Rastetter, E.B., R.B. McKane, G.R. Shaver, and K.J. Nadelhoffer. 1997. Analysis of CO2, temperature, and moisture effects on carbon storage in Alaskan arctic tundra using a general ecosystem model. In: W.C. Oechel and J. Holten, eds. Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 437-451.

81. Chapin, F.S. III, S.E. Hobbie, and G.R. Shaver. 1997. Impacts of global change on composition of arctic communities: Implications for ecosystem functioning. In: W.C. Oechel and J. Holten, eds. Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 221-229.

82. Nadelhoffer, K.J., G.R. Shaver, A.E. Giblin, and E.B. Rastetter. 1997. Potential impacts of climate change on nutrient cycling, decomposition, and productivity in arctic ecosystems. In: W.C. Oechel and J. Holten, eds. Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 349-364.

83. Shaver, G.R., Rastetter, E.B., Giblin, A.E., and Nadelhoffer, K.J. 1997. Carbon-nutrient interactions as constraints on recovery of arctic ecosystems from disturbance. In: “Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective” (R.M.M. Crawford, Ed.), pp. 553-562. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

84. Rastetter, E.B., Göran I. Ågren, and G.R. Shaver. 1997. Responses of N-limited ecosystems to increased CO2: Application of a balanced-nutrition, coupled-element-cycles model. Ecological Applications 7: 444-460.

85. McKane, R. B., E. B. Rastetter, G. R. Shaver, K. J. Nadelhoffer, A. E. Giblin, and J. A. Laundre. 1997. Climatic effects on tundra carbon storage inferred from experimental data and a model. Ecology 78: 1170-1187.

86. McKane, R. B., E. B. Rastetter, G. R. Shaver, K. J. Nadelhoffer, A. E. Giblin, and J. A. Laundre. 1997. Reconstruction and analysis of historic changes in carbon storage in arctic tundra. Ecology 78: 1188-1198.

87. Williams, M., E.B. Rastetter, D.N. Fernandez, M.L. Goulden, and G.R. Shaver. 1997. Predicting gross primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecological Applications 7:882-894.

88. Molau, U., and G.R. Shaver. 1997. Controls on seed production and seed germinability in Eriophorum vaginatum. Global Change Biology, special issue on ITEX research. 3, suppl. 1:80-89.

89. Shaver, G.R., and J.A. Laundre. 1997. Leaf exsertion, leaf elongation, and leaf senescence in Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex bigelowii in northern Alaska. Global Change Biology, special issue on ITEX research. 3, suppl. 1:146-157.

90. Shaver, G.R., L.C. Johnson, D.H. Cades, G. Murray, J.A. Laundre, E.B. Rastetter, K.J. Nadelhoffer, and A.E. Giblin. 1998. Biomass accumulation and CO2 flux in three Alaskan wet sedge tundras: Responses to nutrients, temperature, and light. Ecological Monographs 68:75-99.

91. Ågren, G., G.R. Shaver, and E.B. Rastetter. 1999. Nutrients: Dynamics and Limitations. pp. 333-345 In: Luo, Y., and H.A. Mooney, eds. Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress. Academic Press, New York. 415 pp.

92. Herbert, D.A., E.B. Rastetter, G.R. Shaver, and G. Ågren. 1999. Effects of plant growth characteristics on biogeochemistry and community composition in a changing climate. Ecosystems 2:367-382.

93. Vavrek, M.C., N. Fetcher, J.B. McGraw, G.R. Shaver, F.S. Chapin, III, B. Bovard, and A. Gatesman. 1999. Recovery of species diversity in tussock tundra following disturbance. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31: 254-258.

94. Jonasson, S., and G.R. Shaver. 1999. Within-stand nutrient cycling in arctic and boreal herbaceous and forested wetlands. In: D. Whigham and I. Feller, eds. Special Features section on Wetland Ecosystems. Ecology 80: 2139-2150.

95. Shaver, G.R., and S. Jonasson. 1999. Response of arctic ecosystems to climate change: Results of long-term field experiments in Sweden and Alaska. Polar Biology 18:245-252.

96. Johnson, Loretta, G.R. Shaver, D. Cades, E. Rastetter, K.J. Nadelhoffer, A. Giblin, J. Laundre, and A. Stanley. 2000. Carbon-nutrient interactions control CO2 exchange in Alaskan wet sedge ecosystems. Ecology 81: 453-469.

97. Gough, Laura, G.R. Shaver, J. Carroll, D. Royer, and J.A. Laundre. 2000. Vascular plant species richness in Alaskan arctic tundra: The importance of soil pH. Journal of Ecology 88: 54-66.

98. Canadell, J.G., H.A. Mooney, D.D. Baldocchi, J.A. Berry, J.R. Ehleringer, C.B. Field, S.T. Gower, D.Y. Hollinger, J.E. Hunt, R.B. Jackson, S.W. Running, G.R. Shaver, W. Steffen, S.E. Trumbore, R. Valentini, B.Y. Bond. 2000. Carbon Metabolism of the Terrestrial Biosphere: A Multi-technique Approach for Improved Understanding. Ecosystems 3: 115-130.

99. Shaver, G.R., J. Canadell, F.S. Chapin, III, J. Gurevitch, J. Harte, G. Henry, P. Ineson, S. Jonasson, J. Melillo, L. Pitelka, and L. Rustad. 2000. Global Warming and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis. BioScience 50: 871-882.

100. Jonasson, S., T.V. Callaghan, G.R. Shaver, and L. Nielsen. 2000. Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Ecosystem Function. Pp. 275-314 In: M. Nuttall and T.V. Callaghan, eds. The Arctic: Environment, People, Policy. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.

101. Bret-Harte, M.S., G.R. Shaver, J.P. Zoerner, J.F. Johnstone, J.L. Wagner, A.S. Chavez, R.F. Gunkelman, S.C. Lippert, and J.A. Laundre. 2001. Developmental plasticity allows Betula nana to dominate tundra subjected to an altered environment. Ecology 82: 18-32.

102. Shaver, G.R., and S. Jonasson. 2001. Productivity of Arctic Ecosystems. pp. 189-210. In: H. Mooney, J. Roy, and B. Saugier, eds. Terrestrial Global Productivity. Academic Press, New York.

103. Rastetter, E.B., P.M. Vitousek, C. Field, G.R. Shaver, D. Herbert, and G.I. Ǻgren. 2001. Resource Optimization and Symbiotic N Fixation. Ecosystems 4: 369-388.

104. Graglia E., Julkunen-Tiitto R., Shaver G., Schmidt I.K., Jonasson S., Michelsen A. 2001. Changes in birch phenolic compounds in long term manipulations of temperature, nutrients and light in Alaska and N. Sweden. New Phytologist 151:227-236.

105. Jonasson, S, F.S. Chapin, III, and G.R. Shaver. 2001. Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes, and Controls. In: E.-D. Schulze, S. P. Harrison, M. Heimann, E. A. Holland, J. J. Lloyd, I. C. Prentice, D. Schimel (Eds.), Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System. Academic Press. Pp. 139-150.

106. Shaver, G.R., M.S. Bret-Harte, M.H. Jones, J. Johnstone, L. Gough, J. Laundre, and F.S. Chapin, III. 2001. Species Composition Interacts With Fertilizer To Control Long Term Change In Tundra Productivity. Ecology 82: 3163-3181.

107. Williams, M., Rastetter, E. B., Shaver, G. R., Hobbie, J. E., Carpino, E. and Kwiatkowski, B. L. 2001. Primary production in an arctic watershed; an uncertainty analysis. Ecological Applications 11:1800-1816

108. Cornelissen, J.H.C., T.V. Callaghan, J.M. Alatalo, A. Michelsen, E. Graglia, A.E. Hartley, D.S. Hik, S.E. Hobbie, M.C. Press, C.H. Robinson, G.H.R. Henry, G.R. Shaver, G.K. Phoenix, D. Gwynn Jones, S. Jonasson, F.S. Chapin III, U. Molau, C. Neill, J.A. Lee, J.M. Melillo, B. Sveinbjörnsson and R. Aerts. 2001. Global change and arctic ecosystems: is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass? Journal of Ecology 89: 984-994.

109. McKane, R.B., L.C. Johnson, G.R. Shaver, K.J. Nadelhoffer, E.B. Rastetter, B. Fry, A. E. Giblin, K. Kielland, B.L. Kwiatkowski, J. A. Laundre, and G. Murray. 2002. Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity & dominance in arctic tundra. Nature 415:68-71

110. Bret-Harte, M. S., G. R. Shaver, and F. S. Chapin, III. 2002. Primary and secondary stem growth in arctic shrubs: implications for community response to environmental change. Journal of Ecology 90: 251-267.

111. Gough, L., P.A. Wookey, and G.R. Shaver. 2002. Dry heath arctic tundra responses to long-term nutrient and light manipulation. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34: 211-218.

112. Schmidt, I.K., S. Jonasson, G. Shaver, A. Michelsen, and A. Nordin. 2002. Mineralization and allocation of nutrients by plants and microbes in four arctic ecosystems: responses to warming. Plant and Soil 242: 93-106.

113. Nadelhoffer K. J., L. Johnson, J. Laundre, A. E. Giblin, and G.R. Shaver. 2002. Fine Root Production and Nutrient Use in Wet and Moist Arctic Tundras as Influenced by Chronic Fertilization. Plant and Soil 242: 107-113.

114. Van Wijk, M.T., M. Williams, J.A. Laundre, and G.R. Shaver. 2003. Inter-annual variability of plant phenology in tussock tundra: modelling interactions of plant productivity, snowmelt, and soil thaw. Global Change Biology 9:743-758.

115. Van Wijk, M.T., M. Williams, L. Gough, S.E. Hobbie, and G.R. Shaver. 2003. Luxury consumption: A possible competitive strategy in above-belowground carbon allocation for slow-growing vegetation? Journal of Ecology 91: 664-676.

116. Boelman, N.T., M. Steiglitz, H. Rueth, M. Sommerkorn, K.L. Griffin, G.R. Shaver, and J. Gamon. 2003. Establishing Relationships between optical measurements and ecosystem level processes across long term warming and fertilization plots in wet sedge tundra. Oecologia 135: 414-421.

117. Hobbie, J.E., G. Shaver, J. Laundre, K. Slavik, L. Deegan, J. O'Brien, S. Oberbauer and S. MacIntyre. 2003. Climate forcing at the Arctic LTER Site. In: D. Greenland, D. Goodin and R. Smith (eds.) Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Sites. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 74-91.

118. Van der Welle, M.E.W., P.J. Vermuelen, G.R. Shaver, and F. Berendse. 2003. Factors determining plant species richness in Alaskan arctic tundra. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 711-720.

119. van Wijk, M.T., K. Clemmensen, G.R. Shaver, M. Williams, T.V. Callaghan, F.S. Chapin III, J.H.C. Cornelissen, L. Gough, S.E. Hobbie, S. Jonasson, J.A. Lee, A. Michelsen, M.C. Press, S.J. Richardson, H. Rueth. 2003. Long-term ecosystem level experiments in Toolik Lake, Alaska, and Abisko, Northern Sweden: generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change. Global Change Biology 10: 105-123.

120. Nordin, A., I.K. Schmidt, and G.R. Shaver. 2004. Nitrogen uptake by arctic soil microbes and plants in relation to soil nitrogen supply. Ecology 85: 955-962

121. Herbert, D.A., E.B. Rastetter, L. Gough, and G.R. Shaver. 2004. Species diversity along nutrient gradients: An analysis of resource competition in model ecosystems. Ecosystems 7: 296-310.

122. Mack, M.C., E.A.G. Schuur, M.S. Bret-Harte, G.R. Shaver, and F.S. Chapin, III. 2004. Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization. Nature 431: 440-443

123. Callaghan, Terry V., Lars Olof Björn, Yuri Chernov, Terry Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Brian Huntley, Rolf A. Ims, Margareta Johansson, Dyanna Jolly, Sven Jonasson, Nadya Matveyeva, Nicolai Panikov, Walter Oechel, Gus Shaver, Sibyll Schaphoff, Stephen Sitch and Christoph Zöckler 2004. Key Findings and Extended Summaries. Ambio 33: 386-392

124. Callaghan, T, V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y, Chapin, III. F. S., Christensen, T. R., Hunt-ley, B., Ims, R. A., Johansson, M., Jolly, D., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W. C. and Shaver, G. R. 2004. Rationale, concepts and approach to the assessment. Ambio 33, 393-397.

125. Callaghan, Terry V., Lars Olof Björn, Yuri Chernov, Terry Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Brian Huntley, Rolf A. Ims, Margareta Johansson, Dyanna Jolly, Sven Jonasson, Nadya Matveyeva, Nicolai Panikov, Walter Oechel and Gus Shaver. 2004. Past Changes in Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Climate and UV Radiation. Ambio 33: 398-403

126. Callaghan, T, V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y, Chapin, III. F. S., Christensen, T. R., Hunt-ley, B., Ims, R. A., Jolly, D., Johansson, M., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W. C., Shaver, G. R., Elster, J., Henttonen, H., Laine, K., Taulavuori, K., Tau-lavuori, E. and Zöckler, C. 2004. Biodiversity, distributions and adaptations of Arctic species in the context of environmental change. Ambio 33, 404-417.

127. Callaghan, T, V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y, Chapin, III. F. S., Christensen, T. R., Hunt-ley, B., Ims, R. A., Jolly, D., Johansson, M., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W. C., Shaver, G. R., Elster, J., Jonsdottir, I. S., Laine, K., Taulavuori, K., Taulavuori, E. and Zöckler, C. 2004. Responses to projected changes in climate and UV-B at the species level. Ambio 33, 418-435.

128. Callaghan, T, V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y, Chapin, III. F. S., Christensen, T. R., Hunt-ley, B., Ims, R. A., Johansson, M., Jolly, D., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W. C., Shaver, G. R. and Henttonen, H. 2004. Effects on the structure of Arctic ecosystems in the short- and long-term. Ambio 33, 436-447.

129. Callaghan, Terry V., Lars Olof Björn, Yuri Chernov, Terry Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Brian Huntley, Rolf A. Ims, Margareta Johansson, Dyanna Jolly, Sven Jonasson, Nadya Matveyeva, Nicolai Panikov, Walter Oechel and Gus Shaver. 2004. Effects on the Function of Arctic Ecosystems in the Short- and Long-term Perspectives. Ambio 33: 448-458.

130. Callaghan, T, V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y, Chapin, III. F. S., Christensen, T. R., Hunt-ley, B., Ims, R. A., Jolly, D., Johansson, M., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W. C., Shaver, G. R., Schaphoff, S. and Sitch, S. 2004. Effects on landscape and regional processes and feedbacks to the climate system. Ambio 33, 459-468.

131. Callaghan, T, V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y, Chapin, III. F. S., Christensen, T. R., Hunt-ley, B., Ims, R. A., Johansson, M., Jolly, D., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W. C., Shaver, G. R., Schaphoff, S., Sitch, S., and Zöckler, C. 2004 . Synthesis of effects in four Arctic subregions. Ambio 33, 469-473.

132. Callaghan, Terry V., Lars Olof Björn, Yuri Chernov, Terry Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Brian Huntley, Rolf A. Ims, Margareta Johansson, Dyanna Jolly, Sven Jonasson, Nadya Matveyeva, Nicolai Panikov, Walter Oechel and Gus Shaver. 2004. Uncertainties and Recommendations. Ambio 33: 474-479.

133. Van Wijk, M., M. Williams, and G.R. Shaver. 2005. Tight coupling between leaf area index and foliage N content in arctic plant communities. Oecologia 142:421-427.

134. Rastetter, E.B., S.S. Perakis, G.R. Shaver, and G. Ågren. 2005. Terrestrial C sequestration at elevated CO2 and temperature: The role of dissolved organic N loss. Ecological Applications 15: 71-86.

135. Boelman N.T., M. Stieglitz, K.L. Griffin and G.R. Shaver. 2005. Inter-annual variability of NDVI in response to long-term warming and fertilization in wet sedge and tussock tundra. Oecologia, 143: 588-597.

136. Hobbie, S. E., L. Gough, and G. R. Shaver. 2005. Species compositional differences on different-aged glacial landscapes drive contrasting responses of tundra to nutrient addition. Journal of Ecology 93: 770-782

137. Callaghan, T.V., L.O. Björn, F. S. Chapin III, Y. Chernov, T.R. Christensen, B. Huntley, R. Ims, M. Johansson, D.J. Riedlinger, S. Jonasson, N. Matveyeva, W.C. Oechel, N. Panikov, G. Shaver. 2005. Chapter 7: Arctic Tundra and Polar Desert Ecosystems In: ACIA, 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press. pp. 243-352.

138. Shaver, G.R. 2005. Spatial Heterogeneity Past, Present, and Future. In: G.M. Lovett, C.G. Jones, M.G. Turner, and K.C. Weathers, eds. Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 443-449

139. Van Wijk, M. Williams, G. Shaver. 2005. Tight coupling between leaf area index and foliage N content in arctic plant communities. Oecologia 142:421-427.

140. Williams, M., L.E. Street, M. van Wijk, and G.R. Shaver. 2006. Identifying differences in rates of carbon exchange among vegetation types along an arctic toposequence. Ecosystems 9: 288-304

141. Shaver, G.R., A.E. Giblin, K.J. Nadelhoffer, K.K. Thieler, M.R. Downs, J.A. Laundre, and E.B. Rastetter. 2006. Carbon Turnover in Alaskan Tundra Soils: Effects of Organic Matter Quality, Temperature, Moisture, and Fertilizer. Journal of Ecology 94: 740-753

142. Clemmensen, K, A. Michelsen, S. Jonasson, and G.R. Shaver. 2006. Increased ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance after long-term fertilization and warming of two arctic tundra ecosystems. New Phytologist 171: 391-404

143. Walker. Marilyn D., C. Henrik Wahren, Robert D. Hollister, Greg H. R. Henry, Lorraine E. Ahlquist, Juha M. Alatalo, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Monika P. Calef, Terry V. Callaghan, Amy B. Carroll, Howard E. Epstein, Ingibjorg S. Jonsdottir, Julia A. Klein, Borgþor Magnusson, Ulf Molau, Steven F. Oberbauer, Steven P. Rewa, Clare H. Robinson, Gaius R. Shaver, Katharine N. Suding, Catharine C. Thompson, Anne Tolvanen, Ørjan Totland, P. Lee Turner, Craig E. Tweedie, Patrick J. Webber, and Philip A. Wookey. 2006. Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 103: 1342-1346.

144. Hobara, S., C. McCalley, K. Koba, A.E. Giblin, M.S. Weiss, G.M. Gettel, and G.R. Shaver. 2006. Nitrogen fixation in an arctic tundra watershed: a key atmospheric N source. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38:363-372.

145. Street LE, Shaver GR, Williams M, van Wijk MT. 2007. What is the relationship between changes in leaf area and changes in photosynthetic CO2 flux in arctic ecosystems? Journal of Ecology 95: 139-150.

146. Cornelissen JHC, PM van Bodegom, R Aerts, TV Callaghan, RSP van Logtestijn, J Alatalo, F S Chapin, R Gerdol, J Gudmundsson, D Gwynn-Jones, AE Hartley, DS Hik, A Hofgaard, IS Jónsdóttir, S Karlsson, JA Klein, J Laundre, B Magnusson, A Michelsen, U Molau, VG Onipchenko, HM Quested, SM Sandvik, IK Schmidt, GR Shaver, B Solheim, NA Soudzilovskaia, A Stenström, A Tolvanen, Ø Totland, N Wada, JM Welker, X Zhao, and MOL Team. 2007. Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf litter decomposition rates in cold biomes. Ecology Letters 10: 619-627.

147. Sullivan, P.F., M. Sommerkorn, H.M. Rueth, K. J. Nadelhoffer, G. R. Shaver, J. M. Welker. 2007. Climate and species affect fine root production with long-term fertilization in acidic tussock tundra near Toolik Lake, Alaska. Oecologia 153: 643-652.

148. Shaver, G.R., L.E. Street, E.B. Rastetter, M. T. van Wijk, M. Williams. 2007. Functional Convergence In Regulation Of Net CO2 Flux In Heterogeneous Tundra Landscapes In Alaska And Sweden Journal of Ecology 95: 802-817.

149. Douma, J.C., M.T. van Wijk, and G.R. Shaver. 2007. The contribution of mosses to the carbon and water exchange of arctic ecosystems: quantification and relationships with system properties. Plant, Cell, and Environment 30: 1205-1215.

150. Lambers, H., J. A. Raven, G. Shaver and S. E. Smith. 2008. Specialised nutrient-acquisition strategies reflect plant adaptations to changing N and P status as soils change over geological time scales. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 95-103.

151. Knapp, A.K., J. M. Briggs, S.L. Collins, S.R. Archer, M.S. Bret-Harte, B.E. Ewers, D.P. Peters, D.R. Young, G.R. Shaver, E.Pendall, and M. B. Cleary. 2008. Shrub encroachment in North American grasslands: shift in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem C inputs. Global Change Biology 14: 615-623.

152. Nowinski, N., S. Trumbore, E. Schuur, M. Mack, and G. Shaver 2008. Nutrient Addition Prompts Rapid Destabilization Of Organic Matter In An Arctic Tundra Ecosystem. Ecosystems 11:16-25

153. Bret-Harte, M.S., M.C. Mack, G.R. Goldsmith, D.B. Sloan, J. DeMarco, G.R. Shaver, P. M. Ray, Z. Biesinger, and F. S. Chapin, III. 2008. Plant functional types do not predict biomass responses to removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology 96:713-726. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01378

154. Wookey, P.A., R. Aerts, R.D. Bardgett, F. Baptist, K.A. Bråthen, J.H.C. Cornelissen, L. Gough, I.P. Hartley, D.W. Hopkins, S. Lavorel, and G.R. Shaver. 2009. Ecosystem Feedbacks and cascade processes: understanding their role in the responses of arctic and alpine ecosystems to environmental change. Global Change Biology 15:1153-1172.

155. Campioli, M., Street, Lorna E., Michelsen, Anders, Shaver, Gaius R., Maere, Thomas,, Samson, Roeland, Lemeur, Raoul. 2009. Determination of leaf area index, foliar N, and normalized difference vegetation index for arctic ecosystems dominated by Cassiope tetragona. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41:426-433

156. Rocha, A.V., and G.R. Shaver. 2009. Advantages of a two band EVI calculated from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149: 1560-1563.

157. Rastetter, E.B., Williams, M, Griffin, K.L., Kwiatkowski, B.L., Tomasky, G., Potosnak, M.J., Stoy, P.C., Shaver, G.R., Stieglitz M., Kling G.W., Hobbie, J.E. 2010. Application of the Ensemble Kalman Filter to Assimilate Eddy Covariance Flux data into a Model of Arctic Carbon Exchange. Ecological Applications 20:1285-1301 doi: 10.1890/09-0876

158. Yano, Y., G. R. Shaver, A. E. Giblin and E. B. Rastetter. 2009. Depleted 15N in hydrolysable-N of arctic soils and its implication for mycorrhizal fungi-plant interaction. Biogeochemistry. 97 (2-3):183-194.

159. Yano, Y., G.R. Shaver, A.E. Giblin, E.B. Rastetter, and K.J. Nadelhoffer. 2010. Nitrogen dynamics in a small arctic watershed: Retention and downhill movement of 15N. Ecological Monographs 80: 331-351.

160. Rocha, A., and G.R. Shaver. 2011. Burn severity influences post-fire CO2 exchange in arctic tundra. Ecological Applications 21:477-489 doi:10.1890/10-0255.1

161. Loranty, M.M., S. J. Goetz, E.B. Rastetter, A.V. Rocha, G. R. Shaver, E.R. Humphreys, P.M. Lafleur. 2010. Scaling an instantaneous model of tundra NEE to the Arctic landscape. Ecosystems 14: 76-93.

162. Mack, MC, MS Bret-Harte, TN Hollingsworth, R R Jandt, EAG Schuur, GR Shaver, and DL Verbyla. 2011. Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire. Nature 475:489-492

163. Rocha, A., and G.R. Shaver. 2011. Post-fire energy exchange in arctic tundra: the importance and climatic implications of burn severity. Global Change Biology 17:2831-2841; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02441.x

164. Boelman, N.T., A.V. Rocha, and G.R. Shaver. 2011. Understanding burn severity sensing in Arctic tundra: exploring vegetation indices, suboptimal assessment timing and the impact of increasing pixel size. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32:7033-7056 DOI:10.1080/01431161.2011.611187

165. Elmendorf, Sarah C., Gregory H.R. Henry, Robert D. Hollister, Robert G. Björk, Anne J. Bjorkman, Terry V. Callaghan, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Johannes H.C. Cornelissen, Thomas A. Day, Anna Maria Fosaa, William A.Gould, Járngerður Grétarsdóttir, John Harte, Luise Hermanutz, David A. Hik, Annika Hofgaard, Frith Jarrad, Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir, Frida Keuper, Kari Klanderud, Julia A. Klein, Saewan Koh, Gaku Kudo, Simone Lang, Val Lowen, Jeremy L. May, Joel Mercado, Anders Michelsen, Ulf Molau, Sara Pieper, Clare H. Robinson, Laura Siegart, Isla Myers-Smith, Steven F. Oberbauer, Eric Post, Christian Rixen, Niels Martin Schmidt, Gaius R. Shaver, Anne Tolvanen, Orjan Totland, Tiffany Troxler, Carl-Henrik Wahren, Patrick J. Webber, Jeffery M. Welker, Phil Wookey. 2011. Global assessment of simulated climate warming on tundra vegetation:Heterogeneity over space and time. Ecology Letters, 15:164-165 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x

166. Johnson, DR, MJ Lara, GR Shaver, GO Batzli, JD Shaw and CE Tweedie. 2011. Exclusion of brown lemmings reduces vascular plant cover and biomass in arctic coastal tundra: resampling of a 50+ year herbivore exclosure experiment near Barrow, Alaska. Environmental Research Letters. 6: 045507 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045507

167. Euskirchen, E.S., M.S Bret-Harte, G.J. Scott, C. Edgar, and G.R. Shaver. 2012. Seasonal patterns of carbon and water fluxes in three representative ecosystems in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska. Ecosphere 3(1):4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00202.1

168. Elmendorf, Sarah C., Gregory H.R. Henry, Robert D. Hollister, Robert G. Bjork, Noémie Boulanger-Lapointe, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Johannes H.C. Cornelissen, Thomas A. Day, Ellen Dorrepaal, Tatiana G. Elumeeva, Mike Gill, William A.Gould, Járngerður Grétarsdóttir, John Harte, David A. Hik, Annika Hofgaard, Frith Jarrad, David R. Johnson, Jill Johnstone, Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir, Janet Jorgenson, Kari Klanderud, Julia A. Klein, Saewan Koh, Gako Kudo, Mark Lara, Esther Lévesque, Borgthor Magnússon, Jeremy L. May, Joel Mercado, Anders Michelsen, Ulf Molau, Isla Myers-Smith, Steven F. Oberbauer, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Christian Rixen, Niels Martin Schmidt, Gaius R. Shaver, Marko J. Spasojevic, Þóra Ellen Þórhallsdóttir, Anne Tolvanen, Tiffany Troxler, Craig E. Tweedie, Carl-Henrik Wahren, Xanthe Walker, Patrick J. Webber, Sonja Wipf. 2012. Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nature Climate Change 2: 453-457 doi: 10.1038/nclimate1465

169. Knapp, AK, MD Smith, SE Hobbie, SL Collins, TJ Fahey, GJA Hansen, DA Landis, KJ La Pierre, JM Melillo, TR Seastedt, GR Shaver, and JR Webster. 2012. Past, Present and Future Roles of Long-term Experiments in the LTER Network. BioScience 62: 377-389 DOI:10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.9

170. Barrett, K, AV Rocha, MJ van de Weg, and GR Shaver. 2012. Vegetation shifts observed in arctic tundra 17 years after fire. Remote Sensing Letters 8: 729-736. DOI:10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741

171. Lang, S, Cornelissen, H; Shaver, G; Ahrens, M; Callaghan, T; Molau, U; ter Braak, C; Hölzer, A, & Aerts, R. 2012. Arctic warming on two continents has consistent negative effects on lichen diversity and mixed effects on bryophyte diversity. Global Change Biology 18:1096-1107.

172. Bennington, C, N Fetcher, MC Vavrek, GR Shaver, Kelli Cummings and James B. McGraw. 2012. Home Site advantage in two long--‐lived arctic plant species: Results from two thirty--‐year reciprocal transplant studies. Journal of Ecology 100: 841-851

173. Cahoon, SMP, PF Sullivan, GR. Shaver, JM Welker and E Post. 2012. Interactions among shrub cover and the soil microclimate may determine future arctic carbon budgets. Ecology Letters. DOI:10.1111/j.12461-0248.2012.01865.x

174. Street, L., Shaver, G.R., Rastetter, E. Van Wijk, M.T., Kaye, B., Williams, M. 2012. Incident radiation and the allocation of nitrogen within Arctic plant canopies: implications for predicting gross primary productivity. Global Change Biology 18:2838-2852.

175. Gough, L., J.C. Moore, G.R. Shaver, R.T. Simpson, and D.R. Johnson. 2012. Above- and Belowground Responses of Arctic Tundra Ecosystems to Altered Soil Nutrients and Mammalian Herbivory. Ecology 93: 1683-1694

176. Rocha, A.V., M.M. Loranty, P.E. Higuera, M.C.Mack, F.-S. Hu, B.M. Jones, A.L. Breen, E.B. Rastetter, S.J. Goetz, and G.R. Shaver. 2012. The footprint of Alaskan tundra fires during the past half-century: implications for surface properties and radiative forcing. Environmental Research Letters 7: 044039, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044039.

177. Brzostek, E.R., J.M Blair, J.S. Dukes, S.D. Frey, S.E. Hobbie, J.M. Melillo, R.J. Mitchell, E. Pendall, P.B. Reich, G.R. Shaver, A. Stefanski, M.G. Tjoekler, and A.C. Finzi. 2012. The response of amino acid cycling to global change across multiple biomes: Feedbacks on soil nitrogen availability. Global Change Biology 18 (8):2617-2625.

178. van de Weg, Martine J., Ned Fetcher and Gus Shaver. 2012. Response of dark respiration to temperature in Eriophorum vaginatum from a 30-year-old transplant experiment in Alaska. Plant Ecology and Diversity DOI:10.1080/17550874.2012.72961

179. Heskel, M., H. Greaves, A. Kornfeld, L. Gough, O.K. Atkin, M.H. Turnbull, G. Shaver, and K.L. Griffin. 2013. Differential physiological responses to environmental change promote woody shrub expansion. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.525

180. Sistla, S.A, J. C. Moore, R. Simpson, L. Gough, G.R. Shaver, and J.P. Schimel. 2013. Twenty years of Arctic tundra warming restructures plant and soil communities without changing soil carbon storage. Nature 497:615-618

181. Shaver, G.R., E.B. Rastetter, V. Salmon, L.E. Street, M.J. van de Weg, M.T. van Wijk, and M. Williams. 2013. PanArctic Modeling of Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 368: 20120485 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0485

182. Bret-Harte, M.S., M. C. Mack, G.R. Shaver, D. C. Huebner, M. Johnston, C.A. Mojica, M. C. Pizano, J.A. Reiskind. 2013. The response of arctic vegetation and soils following the Anaktuvuk River fire of 2007. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 368: 20120490; doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0490

183. Oberbauer, S.F. S. C. Elmendorf, T. Troxler, R. D. Hollister, A. Rocha, S. Bret-Harte, A. M. Fosaa, T. T. Høye, G. H. R. Henry, F. Jarrad, I. S. Jonsdottir, K. Klanderud, J. A. Klein, U. Molau, C. Rixen, N. M. Schmidt, G. Shaver, R. Slider, Ø. Totland, C.-H. Wahren, J. M. Welker. 2013. Phenological responses of tundra plants to background climate warming tested using the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 368:20120481 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0481

184. Van de Weg, M. J., G.R. Shaver, and V.G. Salmon. 2013. The contrasting effects of long term vs short term N addition on foliar CO2 exchange parameters of two common Arctic species. Plant Ecology, DOI 10.1007/s11258-013-0250-6

185. Yano, Y, GR Shaver, EB Rastetter, AE. Giblin, and JA Laundre. 2013. Nitrogen pool distribution in arctic tundra soils: effects of soil age, fertilization, and warming. Oecologia 173: 1575-1586.

186. Hobara, S., K. Koba, A.E.Noriharu, A. E. Giblin, K. Kushida, and G.R. Shaver. 2013 Geochemical influences of substrate histories and phosphorus fertilization on solubility of soil organic carbon in arctic tundra ecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 77:473-481. doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0199

187. Schaedel, C., E.A.G. Schuur, R. Bracho, B. Eberling, C. Knoblauch, H. Lee, Y. Luo, G.R. Shaver, and M.R. Turetsky. 2013. Circumpolar assessment of permafrost C quality and its vulnerability over time using long-term incubation data with deconvolution analysis. Global Change Biology 20: 641-652, DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12417

188. Williams, M. E.B. Rastetter, L. van der Pol, and G.R. Shaver. 2014. Arctic canopy photosynthetic efficiency enhanced under diffuse light, linked to a reduction in the fraction of the canopy in deep shade. New Phytologist, DOI: 10.1111/nph.12750 189. Heskel, M. A., Greaves, H. E., Turnbull, M. H., O'Sullivan, O. S., Shaver, G. R., Griffin, K. L. and Atkin, O. K. (2014), Thermal acclimation of shoot respiration in an Arctic woody plant species subjected to 22 years of warming and altered nutrient supply. Global Change Biology, 20: 2618–2630. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12544

190. Shaver, G., J Laundre, MS Bret-Harte, FS Chapin, III, A Giblin, L Gough, S Hobbie, G Kling, MC Mack, J Moore, K Nadelhoffer, E Rastetter, J Schimel. 2014. CHAPTER 5. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AT TOOLIK LAKE, ALASKA. IN: J.E. Hobbie and G.W. Kling, eds. A Changing Arctic: Ecological Consequences of Climate Change for Tundra, Streams, and Lakes. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 90-142.

191. DeMarco, J., M.C. Mack, M. S. Bret-Harte, M. Burton, and G. R. Shaver. 2014. Plant and ecosystem response to long term experimental warming and nutrient additions in tall deciduous shrub tundra. Ecosphere 5(6):72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00281.1

192. Souther, S., N. Fetcher, Z. Fowler, G.R. Shaver, and J.B. McGraw. 2014. Ecotypic variation in photosynthesis and growth of Eriophorum vaginatum L. along a latitudinal gradient in the Arctic tundra. Botany 92:551-561; http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0320

193. Chandler, J.L., J.B. McGraw, C. Bennington, G.R. Shaver, M.C. Vavrek, and N. Fetcher. 2014. Tiller population dynamics of reciprocally-transplanted Eriophorum vaginatum L. ecotypes in a changing climate. Population Ecology; DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0459-9.

194. Jiang, Y, Adrian V. Rocha, Jonathan A. O’Donnell, Jessica A. Drysdale, Edward B. Rastetter, Gaius R. Shaver, Qianlai Zhuang. 2015. Contrasting soil thermal responses to fire in Alaskan tundra and boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface DOI: 10.1002/2014JF003180

195. Kushida, K., S. Hobara, S. Tsuyuzaki, Y. Kim, M. Watanabe, Y. Setiawan, K. Harada, G. R. Shaver, and M. Fukuda. 2015. Spectral indices for remote sensing of phytomass, deciduous shrubs, and productivity in Alaskan arctic tundra. International Journal of Remote Sensing 36:4344-4362.

196. Jiang, Y, EB Rastetter, AV Rocha, AR Pearce, BL Kwiatkowski, and GR Shaver. 2015. Carbon-Nutrient interactions during the early recovery of tundra after fire. Ecological Applications 25:1640-1652.

197. McGraw, J. B., J.B. Turner, S. Souther, C. C. Bennington, M. C. Vavrek, G. R. Shaver, and N. Fetcher. 2015. Northward displacement of optimal climate conditions for ecotypes of Eriophorum. Global Change Biology 21: 3827-3835.

198. Jiang, Y., A.V. Rocha, E.B. Rastetter, G.R. Shaver, U. Mishra, Q. Zhuang, B.L. Kwiatkowski. 2015. C-N-P interactions control climate driven changes in regional patterns of C storage on the North Slope of Alaska. Landscape Ecology, DOI 10.1007/s10980-15-0266-5

199. De Baets, S., Lewis, R., Steinberg, N., van de Weg, M. J. , Meersmans, J., Quine, T.A., Shaver, G.R., Hartley, I.P. 2016. Fire, nutrient and temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition in permafrost. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 99:108-116.

200. Shaver, G.R. 2016. Forty Arctic Summers. In: M. Willig and L. Walker, Eds. Long Term Ecological Research: Changing the Nature of Scientists. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford. pp. 99-108.

201. Schädel, Christina, Martin Bader, Edward Schuur, Christina Biasi, Rosvel Bracho, Petr Capek, Sarah De Baets, Katerina Diakova, Jessica Ernakovich, Cristian Estop-Aragones, David Graham, Iain Hartley, Colleen Iversen, Evan Kane, Christian Knoblauch, Massimo Lupascu, Pertti Martikainen, Susan Natali, Richard Norby, Jonathan O'Donnell, Taniya Roy Chowdhury, Hana Santruckova, Gaius Shaver, Victoria Sloan, Claire Treat, Merritt Turetsky, Mark Waldrop, and Kimberly Wickland. 2016. Potential carbon emissions dominated by carbon dioxide from thawed permafrost soils. Nature Climate Change 6:950–953.

202. Carey, Joanna C., Jianwu Tang, Pamela H. Templer, Kevin D. Kroeger, Thomas W. Crowther, Andrew Burton, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Bridget Emmett, Serita Frey, Mary Heskel, Lifen Jiang, Megan Machmuller, Jacqueline E. Mohan, Anne Marie Panetta, Peter B. Reich, Sabine Reinsch, Xin Wang, Steven D. Allison, Chris Bamminger, Scott D. Bridgham, Scott L. Collins, Giovanbattista de Dato, William C. Eddy, Brian J. Enquist, Marc Estiarte, John Harte, Amanda Henderson, Bart R. Johnson, Klaus S. Larsen, Yiqi Luo, Sven Marhan, Jerry Melillo, Josep Peñuelas, Laurel Pfeifer-Meister, Christian Poll, Edward B. Rastetter, Andy Reinmann, Lorien L. Reynolds, Inger K. Schmidt, Gaius R. Shaver, Aaron L. Strong, Vidya Suseela, Albert Tietema. 2016. Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming. PNAS http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7MK6B1X

203. Gough, Laura, Neil D. Bettez, Karie A. Slavik, William B. Bowden, Anne E. Giblin, George W. Kling, James A. Laundre, Gaius R. Shaver. 2016. Effects of Long-Term Nutrient Additions on Arctic Tundra, Stream, and Lake Ecosystems: Beyond NPP. Oecologia 182:653-665; DOI 10.1007/s00442-016-3716-0.

204. Jiang, Y., E. B. Rastetter, .R. Shaver, A.V. Rocha, Q. Zhuang, B. L. Kwiatkowski. 2017. Long-term changes in tundra C balance following wildfire and climate change. Ecological Applications 27:105-117, DOI: 10.1002/eap.1413

205. Hobbie, J.E., G.R. Shaver, E.B. Rastetter, J.E. Cherry, S.J. Goetz, K.C. Guay, W.A. Gould, G.W. Kling. 2017. Multiple ecosystem responses to climate change at a long-term research site in Arctic Alaska. Ambio 46 (Suppl. 1): S160-S173.

206. Qiu, Chunjing, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Gerhard Krinner, Shushi Peng, Mika Aurela,Aurela, Christian Bernhofer, Christian Brümmer, Syndonia BretSyndonia Bret--Harte, Harte, Housen Chu, Jiquan Chen, Housen Chu, Jiquan Chen, Ankur R Desai, JiříJiří DušekDušek, , Eugenie Euskirchen,Eugenie Euskirchen, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Lawrence Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Lawrence Flanagan, Thomas Thomas Friborg, Friborg, MateuszMateusz Grygoruk,Grygoruk, Sébastien GogoSébastien Gogo, , Thomas Grünwald, Elyn Humphreys, Janina Thomas Grünwald, Elyn Humphreys, Janina Hommeltenberg, Hommeltenberg, Miriam Hurkuc, Gerard Kiely, Gerard Kiely, Chloe Largeron, Magnus Lund, Peter M. Lafleur, Peter M. Lafleur, Lutz Merbold, Lutz Merbold, Mats B. Nilsson, Janusz Olejnik,Janusz Olejnik, Walter Oechel,, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Matthias Peichl, Norbert Pirk,Norbert Pirk, Corinna Rebmann, Janne Rinne, Janne Rinne, Gaius Shaver,Gaius Shaver, Hans Peter SchmidHans Peter Schmid, , MatteoMatteo Sottocornola, Sottocornola, Rainer Rainer Steinbrecher, Torsten Sachs, Marek Urbaniak, Donatella Zona. 2018. ORCHIDEE-PEAT (revision 4596), a model for northern peatland CO2, water, and energy fluxes on daily to annual scales. Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 497–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-497-2018

207. Jennie R. McLaren, Martine J. van de Weg, Kate M. Buckeridge, Gaius R. Shaver, Joshua P. Schimel and Laura Gough. 2017. Shrub encroachment in Arctic tundra: Betula nana effects on above- and below-ground litter decomposition. Ecology 98(5), pp. 1361–1376. DOI:10.1002/ecy.1790

208. Asmus, A., A. Koltz, J. McLaren, G. Shaver, and L. Gough. 2018. Long-term nutrient addition alters arthropod community composition but does not increase total biomass or abundance. Oikos 127: 460–471, 2018 doi: 10.1111/oik.04398

209. Natali, S.M., and 74 others. 2019. Large loss of CO2 in winter observed across the northern permafrost region. Nature Climate Change DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0592-8

210. Eugster, Werner, Tonya DelSontro, Gaius R. Shaver, and George W. Kling 2020. Interannual, summer, and diel variability of CH4 and CO2 effluxes from Toolik Lake, Alaska, during the ice-free periods 2010–2015. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts 22:2181-2198. DOI: 10.1039/D0EM00125B

211. Hobbie, John, Gaius Shaver, Toke Thomas Høye, and Joseph Bowden. 2020. Chapter 5: Arctic Tundra. In: Thomas, D.N., ed. Arctic Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Pp. 103-132.

212. Alber, M., G. Shaver, J. Hobbie, E. Rastetter, et al. 2021: Chapter 4. Sustaining Long-Term Ecological Research: Perspectives from Inside the LTER Program. In: Robert B. Waide and Sharon E. Kingsland, eds. The Challenges of Long Term Ecological Research: A Historical Analysis. Submitted to the series Archimedes: New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, SpringerVerlag, New York

213. Adrian V. Rocha, Rose Appel, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Verity Salmon , Gaius Shaver. 2021. Solar position confounds the relationship between ecosystem function and vegetation indices derived from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 298–299 (2021): 108291.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108291

214. Rastetter, E.B., George W. Kling, Gaius R. Shaver, Byron C. Crump, Laura Gough, and Kevin L. Griffin 2021. Ecosystem Recovery from Disturbance Is Constrained by N Cycle Openness,Vegetation-Soil N Distribution, Form of N Losses, and the Balance between Vegetation and Soil-Microbial Processes. Ecosystems, 24:667-685. DOI 10.1007/s10021-020-00542-3

215. Hudson, A., D. Peters, J. Blair, D. Childers, P. Doran, K. Geil, M. Gooseff, K. Gross, N. Haddad, M. Pastore, J. Rudgers, O. Sala, E. Seabloom, and G. Shaver. 2022. Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US Long-Term Ecological Research Network. BioScience, accepted Nov 9, 2021.